Redesigning Assessment for the Age of Agentic AI: A Real-World Reflection

September 23, 2026

This past summer (July and August here in Calgary), I taught EDER 619.26, Leadership for Learning: Policy, Governance, and Community, a fully online course in the University of Calgary’s Master of Education (MEd) program. Most of my students were K-12 teachers in Alberta pursuing advanced training while working full time. This was my first time teaching the course, and I used it as an opportunity to redesign my assessment approach in response to a concern I have followed closely in recent months: the threat that agentic AI poses to academic integrity in online courses.

I want to share what I did, why I did it, and how another instructor could try the same approach.

The Problem I Set Out to Solve

In online courses we have relied on the same assessment tools for decades: discussion board posts and a final paper submitted at the end of the term. These formats work well when the greatest risk to academic integrity is a student copying a classmate’s work. They work less well when a student can hand an assignment to an AI agent and receive a finished product in return. I wanted an assessment structure that valued process over product and made real-time, verifiable engagement central to how students earned their grades.

Photo by Canva Studio on Pexels.com

My Approach

I built the course as a hybrid model with mandatory video conference (i.e., Zoom) sessions, scheduled well in advance so students knew what to expect. I selected a small number of required readings and asked students to locate supplementary readings on their own through the library databases, connected to the weekly themes and the in-class tasks. I adopted a flipped classroom structure: students completed the readings before each session and arrived prepared to apply them.

Seventy-five percent of the course grade came from three real-time learning tasks tied to the Zoom sessions. For two of the three sessions, I brought a current Canadian policy or governance news story to the group, chosen because the course readings focused on the Canadian context. For the third, I built a synthetic educational case with the assistance of Claude, and I told my students I had done so. In each session, students worked in self-selected groups for a set period, initially ten minutes and later shortened to five, to apply the readings to the case or news story and produce a shared artifact documenting their thinking. They then uploaded that artifact to a course Dropbox.

I informed students from the outset that I was trying this format for the first time and that I expected to adjust it as I learned what worked. I asked for their feedback throughout the term and changed the process in response, including the shortened submission window after students reported that some groups kept working past the agreed time.

I also changed how I graded. I was not looking for a polished, consensus-driven product. I wanted evidence of student thinking, including open questions and points of disagreement that a group had not resolved. I told students that AI tool use was permitted under the University of Calgary Faculty of Graduate Studies Artificial Intelligence Guidelines and would not affect their grade either way. Most reported that they spent the bulk of their time in conversation with their groupmates rather than using AI tools, largely because the time constraint left little room for anything else.

The remaining twenty-five percent of the grade was a synthesis paper. Students combined the required and supplementary readings, the bibliographic sources they had shared with classmates during the sessions, and the two news stories and the synthetic case addressed in class into a single integrated paper.

Steps to Try This Assessment Approach

  1. Schedule your synchronous sessions early. Set the dates and times for all mandatory sessions at the start of the term and communicate the expectation of real-time participation.
  2. Curate a limited reading list. Choose a small set of required readings and ask students to locate supplementary sources through the library databases, tied to the weekly themes.
  3. Flip the classroom. Assign readings for completion before each session and communicate this expectation in writing.
  4. Prepare a case or current news story for each session. Select material relevant to your discipline and your students’ context, or construct a synthetic case with AI assistance. If you use AI assistance, disclose it to your students.
  5. Set a group task with a firm time limit. Give students 5 to 10 minutes to work in self-selected groups, apply the readings to the case, and produce a shared artifact documenting their discussion and reasoning.
  6. Collect the artifact through a shared drop point. I used the D2L / Brightspace Dropbox, but you could also use a shared document, or similar tool works well. Set the submission window based on your own testing; shorten it if students report that groups continue working past the agreed time.
  7. Grade for process, not polish. Communicate to students that you are evaluating evidence of learning and engagement with the readings, not a finished, consensus-driven product. Tell them unresolved questions and disagreements are acceptable and worth documenting.
  8. State your AI expectations explicitly. Clarify whether AI tool use is permitted for the in-class task and confirm that it will not affect grading either way, consistent with your institution’s guidelines (if they have them).
  9. Build a synthesis assignment. Ask students to integrate the required readings, their self-sourced supplementary readings, and the material from each session into a single paper at the end of the term.
  10. Offer an alternate path for students who miss a session. Schedule a makeup session or provide an equivalent assessment based on the same weekly reading and format.

What I Would Change Next Time

Students told me they would have benefited from more time to discuss each case or news story during the sessions. I plan to extend the collaboration window in future offerings of the course.

Reflection

Most of my students had not encountered agentic AI before this course and some did not know the term. That gap became a useful discussion point, even though artificial intelligence and academic integrity were not the stated focus of the course. Students reported that the sessions felt more purposeful than a standard discussion board, in part because they knew each session would produce a graded outcome. I plan to repeat this assessment structure. This updated assessment approach replaced a format that has gone unchanged in online learning for decades and shifted the emphasis toward collaboration, real-time problem solving, and process over product.

This was by no means a perfect experiment, but in the end, the effort was worth it… And I’ll close by saying that the students were — and are — brilliant, thoughtful, and inspiring.

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Sarah Elaine Eaton, PhD, is a Professor and Research Chair in the Werklund School of Education at the University of Calgary, Canada. Opinions are my own and do not represent those of my employer.


Interfacing with the Future: Reflections on the National Day of Learning 2026

April 1, 2026

On March 28, 2026, I had the pleasure of joining educators from across Canada for the National Day of Learning, hosted by Let’s Talk Science. This one-day, nation-wide professional learning event brought together K–12 teachers, post-secondary educators, and policy leaders to explore some of the most pressing issues shaping education today, with artificial intelligence high on the agenda.

I was invited to deliver a session titled “Interfacing with the Future: Wearable AI and Academic Integrity for K–12 and Higher Ed.” What follows are a few reflections and key ideas from that conversation, hosted by Dr. Alec Couros.

Moving into the Postplagiarism Era

One of the central ideas framing my talk is postplagiarism. In this reality, artificial intelligence is no longer an external tool that students occasionally use, but rather, it is embedded into everyday life and learning.

Students are already engaging with AI in ways that challenge traditional notions of authorship, originality, and academic work. The question is no longer if students will use AI, but how.

This shift requires a corresponding change in how we think about academic integrity. Detection and surveillance, long relied upon as primary strategies, are no longer sufficient. Instead, we must rethink how we design learning environments that foster integrity from the ground up.

From Tools to Wearables: How AI is Advancing

A key focus of my presentation was the rapid evolution from AI tools to AI wearables — particularly smart glasses and other forms of cosmetically invisible interfaces. The talk was based, in part, on our recent article in Canadian Perspectives on Academic Integrity. 

Wearable technologies integrate AI directly into our physical experience of the world. Rather than pulling out a device, users can access real-time information, transcription, and prompts seamlessly through their field of vision.

This shift introduces both opportunities and tensions:

  • Cognitive offloading: Learners can reduce mental load by accessing information instantly. (Phill Dawson has done some great work on cognitive offloading that I recommend reading.)
  • Enhanced presence: Wearables allow users to maintain eye contact and engagement without device distraction.
  • Efficiency gains: Tasks such as note-taking or translation can be automated in real time.

At the same time, these benefits come with real challenges including information overload, privacy concerns, and technical limitations. More importantly for educators, they fundamentally disrupt assumptions about what it means to “know” something independently.

New Technology ≠ Cheating

One of the most important messages I emphasized is this: new technology does not automatically equal academic misconduct.

If a tool is permitted, then its use is not cheating. The real issue lies in unauthorized use or misuse in ways that create unfair advantage. 

We must also remain attentive to equity and accessibility. Some wearable technologies may be used as accommodations, making it essential that our integrity policies are inclusive and nuanced rather than rigid and punitive.

Designing for Integrity (Not Surveillance)

Rather than doubling down on detection, I encourage educators to shift their focus toward designing for integrity.

This means:

  • Prioritizing assessment validity: If an AI system can complete a task without genuine understanding, then the task itself needs to be rethought.
  • Moving beyond “gotcha” approaches: Surveillance-based strategies erode trust and are increasingly ineffective.
  • Supporting diverse learners: Students bring different technological access, needs, and experiences. Our designs must reflect that.
  • Building a culture of integrity: Integrity is not enforced; it is cultivated through meaningful learning experiences.

Bridging K–12 and Post-Secondary Education

Another key theme was the gap between K–12 and post-secondary expectations.

In K–12 environments, students are often encouraged to explore technology as part of their learning. In contrast, post-secondary institutions frequently operate under the assumption that students already understand complex academic integrity rules.

As AI continues to evolve, this gap becomes more pronounced. We need stronger alignment across educational sectors to ensure that students are supported, rather than being set up for failure, as they transition between systems. (Myke Healy has a great paper on the topic of GenAI in the K-12 context that is worth reading.) 

Looking Ahead

If there is one takeaway from this experience, it is this: wearable AI is not a future scenario. It is already here.

As educators, we are being called to respond not with fear, but with thoughtful, research-informed approaches. The challenge is not simply to manage technology, but to reimagine teaching, learning, and assessment in ways that remain meaningful in an AI-integrated world.

Events like the National Day of Learning remind me of the power of community. Bringing educators together to share ideas, ask difficult questions, and explore new possibilities is essential as we navigate this rapidly changing landscape.

Thank you to Let’s Talk Science and to Dr. Alec Couros for the opportunity to be part of this important conversation, and to all the educators who continue to lead with curiosity, courage, and care.

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Sarah Elaine Eaton, PhD, is a Professor and Research Chair in the Werklund School of Education at the University of Calgary, Canada. Opinions are my own and do not represent those of my employer.


How AI Improved the Accessibility of my Slide Presentation with GenAI

February 17, 2026

I used Claude to help me improve the accessibility of a slide deck for an upcoming presentation. I uploaded the .pptx file and also uploaded a .pdf with instructions about how to make the slide deck compliant with accessibility standards.

I was not hopeful.

I asked Claude to revise the slide deck and provide an updated .pptx file that I could download. It did not work perfectly and some of the AltText was lost. So, I asked Claude to provide the AltTex for each slide and a detailed explanation of the changes. The result allowed me to make a few minor edits to a slide deck myself. The slides are now compliant with the organizational standards for a group I’ll be presenting to next week.

Ensuring slides are accessible has been an intimidating task for me in the past. I have always been afraid of “getting it wrong”. I would spend hours trying to figure out every detail (and things still would not be perfect).

In the end, I was satisfied with the results. Using AI for this has helped me to improve both my competence and confidence. The slides still may not be perfect, but they are better than they were… and better than I could have done on my own.

Have you tried using GenAI to help you improve the accessibility of your documents? If yes, what tips do you have?

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Sarah Elaine Eaton, PhD, is a Professor and Research Chair in the Werklund School of Education at the University of Calgary, Canada. Opinions are my own and do not represent those of my employer.


Breaking Barriers: Academic Integrity and Neurodiversity

November 20, 2025

When we talk about academic integrity in universities, we often focus on preventing plagiarism and cheating. But what if our very approach to enforcing these standards is unintentionally creating barriers for some of our most vulnerable students?

My recent research explores how current academic integrity policies and practices can negatively affect neurodivergent students—those with conditions like ADHD, dyslexia, Autism, and other learning differences. Our existing systems, structures, and policies can further marginalize students with cognitive differences.

The Problem with One-Size-Fits-All

Neurodivergent students face unique challenges that can be misunderstood or ignored. A dyslexic student who struggles with citation formatting isn’t necessarily being dishonest. They may be dealing with cognitive processing differences that make these tasks genuinely difficult. A student with ADHD who has trouble managing deadlines and tracking sources is not necessarily lazy or unethical. They may be navigating executive function challenges that affect time management and organization. Yet our policies frequently treat these struggles as potential misconduct rather than as differences that deserve support.

Yet our policies frequently treat these struggles as potential misconduct rather than as differences that deserve support.

The Technology Paradox for Neurodivergent Students

Technology presents a particularly thorny paradox. On one hand, AI tools such as ChatGPT and text-to-speech software can be academic lifelines for neurodivergent students, helping them organize thoughts, overcome writer’s block, and express ideas more clearly. These tools can genuinely level the playing field.

On the other hand, the same technologies designed to catch cheating—especially AI detection software—appear to disproportionately flag neurodivergent students’ work. Autistic students or those with ADHD may be at higher risk of false positives from these detection tools, potentially facing misconduct accusations even when they have done their own work. This creates an impossible situation: the tools that help are the same ones that might get students in trouble.

Moving Toward Epistemic Plurality

So what’s the solution? Epistemic plurality, or recognizing that there are multiple valid ways of knowing and expressing knowledge. Rather than demanding everyone demonstrate learning in the exact same way, we should design assessments that allow for different cognitive styles and approaches.

This means:

  • Rethinking assessment design to offer multiple ways for students to demonstrate knowledge
  • Moving away from surveillance technologies like remote proctoring that create anxiety and accessibility barriers
  • Building trust rather than suspicion into our academic cultures
  • Recognizing accommodations as equity, not as “sanctioned cheating”
  • Designing universally, so accessibility is built in from the start rather than added as an afterthought

What This Means for the Future

In the postplagiarism era, where AI and technology are seamlessly integrated into education, we move beyond viewing academic integrity purely as rule-compliance. Instead, we focus on authentic and meaningful learning and ethical engagement with knowledge.

This does not mean abandoning standards. It means recognizing that diverse minds may meet those standards through different pathways. A student who uses AI to help structure an essay outline isn’t necessarily cheating. They may be using assistive technology in much the same way another student might use spell-check or a calculator.

Call to Action

My review of existing research showed something troubling: we have remarkably little data about how neurodivergent students experience academic integrity policies. The studies that exist are small, limited to English-speaking countries, and often overlook the voices of neurodivergent individuals themselves.

We need larger-scale research, global perspectives, and most importantly, we need neurodivergent students to be co-researchers and co-authors in work about them. “Nothing about us without us” is not just a slogan, but a call to action for creating inclusive academic environments.

Key Messages

Academic integrity should support learning, not create additional barriers for students who already face challenges. By reimagining our approaches through a lens of neurodiversity and inclusion, we can create educational environments where all students can thrive while maintaining academic standards.

Academic integrity includes and extends beyond student conduct; it means that everyone in the learning system acts with integrity to support student learning. Ultimately, there can be no integrity without equity.

Read the whole article here:
Eaton, S. E. (2025). Neurodiversity and academic integrity: Toward epistemic plurality in a postplagiarism era. Teaching in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2025.2583456

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Sarah Elaine Eaton, PhD, is a Professor and Research Chair in the Werklund School of Education at the University of Calgary, Canada. Opinions are my own and do not represent those of my employer.


A Brief History of Postplagiarism: Or, Why Fabrication is Not the New Flattery

October 13, 2025
Infographic titled "Postplagiarism: A Brief History" by Sarah Elaine Eaton, PhD, showing a timeline from 2021 to 2025 that highlights key milestones in the development of the concept of postplagiarism.
2021: Eaton introduces postplagiarism in her book Plagiarism in Higher Education, building on Rebecca Moore Howard’s work.
2023: Eaton explicitly defines postplagiarism in an article published in the International Journal for Educational Integrity.
2024: Eaton and Kumar launch www.postplagiarism.com, offering multilingual translations and open-access content.
2025: Rahul Kumar publishes the first empirical study on postplagiarism in the same journal, analyzing student reactions.

I am always excited to hear about new work that showcases postplagiarism. Imagine my dismay when I read a new article, published in an (allegedly) peer-reviewed journal, that foregrounded the tenets of postplagiarism, but was rife with fabricated sources, including references to work attributed to me, but that I never wrote.

I have opted not to ‘name and shame’ the authors. Anyone who is curious enough need only do an Internet search to find the offending article and those who wrote it.

Instead, I prefer to take a more productive approach. Here I provide a brief timeline of the development of postplagiarism as both a framework and a theory:

2021: Plagiarism in Higher Education: Tackling Tough Topics in Academic Integrity

The book begins with a history of plagiarism. Then, I discuss plagiarism in modern times. In the concluding chapter I contemplate the future of plagiarism. Building on the scholarship of Rebecca Moore Howard, I proposed that  the age of generative artificial intelligence (Gen AI) could launch us into a post-plagiarism era in which human-AI hybrid writing becomes the norm.

2023: Expanding on the ideas first presented in the final chapter of my book, I wrote my first article dedicated to the topic: “Postplagiarism: Transdisciplinary ethics and integrity in the age of artificial intelligence and neurotechnology”, published in the International Journal for Educational Integrity.

2024: Dr. Rahul Kumar (Brock University, Canada) and I launch our website, http://www.postplagiarism.com. We provide open access resources free of charge. Thanks to the generosity of colleagues and friends who speak multipole language, we offer translations of the postplagiarism infographic in multiple languages.

Also, in this year, Rahul Kumar begins a study to test the tenets of postplagiarism.

2025: Rahul Kumar publishes the results of the first empirical article on the tenets of postplagiarism. His article, “Understanding PSE students’ reactions to the postplagiarism concept: a quantitative analysis” is published in the International Journal for Educational Integrity.

If you see references to our work on postplagiairsm as we have conceptualized it that pre-date our work, dig deeper to see if the work is real. There are now fabricated sources published on the Internet that do not — and never did — exist.

Imitation is flattery, as the saying goes. This quip has been used as a way to dismiss plagiarism concerns, as students learn to imitate great writers by quoting them without attribution. The saying digs deep into cultural and historical understandings that are beyond the scope of a blog post. What I can say is that in the postplagiarism era, fabrication is not the new flattery.

One of the tenets of postplagiarism is that humans can relinquish control over what they write to an AI, but we do not relinquish responsibility. The irony of seeing fabricated references about postplagiarism in fabricated is as absurd as it is puzzling. There is no need to fabricate references to post plagiarism, especially since we provide numerous free and open access to resources and research on the topic.

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Sarah Elaine Eaton, PhD, is a Professor and Research Chair in the Werklund School of Education at the University of Calgary, Canada. Opinions are my own and do not represent those of my employer.