Redesigning Assessment for the Age of Agentic AI: A Real-World Reflection

September 23, 2026

This past summer (July and August here in Calgary), I taught EDER 619.26, Leadership for Learning: Policy, Governance, and Community, a fully online course in the University of Calgary’s Master of Education (MEd) program. Most of my students were K-12 teachers in Alberta pursuing advanced training while working full time. This was my first time teaching the course, and I used it as an opportunity to redesign my assessment approach in response to a concern I have followed closely in recent months: the threat that agentic AI poses to academic integrity in online courses.

I want to share what I did, why I did it, and how another instructor could try the same approach.

The Problem I Set Out to Solve

In online courses we have relied on the same assessment tools for decades: discussion board posts and a final paper submitted at the end of the term. These formats work well when the greatest risk to academic integrity is a student copying a classmate’s work. They work less well when a student can hand an assignment to an AI agent and receive a finished product in return. I wanted an assessment structure that valued process over product and made real-time, verifiable engagement central to how students earned their grades.

Photo by Canva Studio on Pexels.com

My Approach

I built the course as a hybrid model with mandatory video conference (i.e., Zoom) sessions, scheduled well in advance so students knew what to expect. I selected a small number of required readings and asked students to locate supplementary readings on their own through the library databases, connected to the weekly themes and the in-class tasks. I adopted a flipped classroom structure: students completed the readings before each session and arrived prepared to apply them.

Seventy-five percent of the course grade came from three real-time learning tasks tied to the Zoom sessions. For two of the three sessions, I brought a current Canadian policy or governance news story to the group, chosen because the course readings focused on the Canadian context. For the third, I built a synthetic educational case with the assistance of Claude, and I told my students I had done so. In each session, students worked in self-selected groups for a set period, initially ten minutes and later shortened to five, to apply the readings to the case or news story and produce a shared artifact documenting their thinking. They then uploaded that artifact to a course Dropbox.

I informed students from the outset that I was trying this format for the first time and that I expected to adjust it as I learned what worked. I asked for their feedback throughout the term and changed the process in response, including the shortened submission window after students reported that some groups kept working past the agreed time.

I also changed how I graded. I was not looking for a polished, consensus-driven product. I wanted evidence of student thinking, including open questions and points of disagreement that a group had not resolved. I told students that AI tool use was permitted under the University of Calgary Faculty of Graduate Studies Artificial Intelligence Guidelines and would not affect their grade either way. Most reported that they spent the bulk of their time in conversation with their groupmates rather than using AI tools, largely because the time constraint left little room for anything else.

The remaining twenty-five percent of the grade was a synthesis paper. Students combined the required and supplementary readings, the bibliographic sources they had shared with classmates during the sessions, and the two news stories and the synthetic case addressed in class into a single integrated paper.

Steps to Try This Assessment Approach

  1. Schedule your synchronous sessions early. Set the dates and times for all mandatory sessions at the start of the term and communicate the expectation of real-time participation.
  2. Curate a limited reading list. Choose a small set of required readings and ask students to locate supplementary sources through the library databases, tied to the weekly themes.
  3. Flip the classroom. Assign readings for completion before each session and communicate this expectation in writing.
  4. Prepare a case or current news story for each session. Select material relevant to your discipline and your students’ context, or construct a synthetic case with AI assistance. If you use AI assistance, disclose it to your students.
  5. Set a group task with a firm time limit. Give students 5 to 10 minutes to work in self-selected groups, apply the readings to the case, and produce a shared artifact documenting their discussion and reasoning.
  6. Collect the artifact through a shared drop point. I used the D2L / Brightspace Dropbox, but you could also use a shared document, or similar tool works well. Set the submission window based on your own testing; shorten it if students report that groups continue working past the agreed time.
  7. Grade for process, not polish. Communicate to students that you are evaluating evidence of learning and engagement with the readings, not a finished, consensus-driven product. Tell them unresolved questions and disagreements are acceptable and worth documenting.
  8. State your AI expectations explicitly. Clarify whether AI tool use is permitted for the in-class task and confirm that it will not affect grading either way, consistent with your institution’s guidelines (if they have them).
  9. Build a synthesis assignment. Ask students to integrate the required readings, their self-sourced supplementary readings, and the material from each session into a single paper at the end of the term.
  10. Offer an alternate path for students who miss a session. Schedule a makeup session or provide an equivalent assessment based on the same weekly reading and format.

What I Would Change Next Time

Students told me they would have benefited from more time to discuss each case or news story during the sessions. I plan to extend the collaboration window in future offerings of the course.

Reflection

Most of my students had not encountered agentic AI before this course and some did not know the term. That gap became a useful discussion point, even though artificial intelligence and academic integrity were not the stated focus of the course. Students reported that the sessions felt more purposeful than a standard discussion board, in part because they knew each session would produce a graded outcome. I plan to repeat this assessment structure. This updated assessment approach replaced a format that has gone unchanged in online learning for decades and shifted the emphasis toward collaboration, real-time problem solving, and process over product.

This was by no means a perfect experiment, but in the end, the effort was worth it… And I’ll close by saying that the students were — and are — brilliant, thoughtful, and inspiring.

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Sarah Elaine Eaton, PhD, is a Professor and Research Chair in the Werklund School of Education at the University of Calgary, Canada. Opinions are my own and do not represent those of my employer.


How Phishing Scams Exploit Academic Integrity Fears

September 3, 2026

An Instagram post caught my attention this week. A University of Alberta student described being phished through a fake accusation of academic misconduct.

https://www.instagram.com/reels/Dcl1uJnubqD

The scam did not rely on advanced technology. It did not require artificial intelligence or an elaborate hacking scheme. The scammer needed one thing: a strong feeling, delivered before the target had time to think.

That should concern anyone who works with students.

The Emotional Attack

Cybersecurity training focuses on information, such as: 

  • Do not click unfamiliar links.
  • Check the sender’s address. 
  • Watch for unexpected attachments. 

These are important tips that everyone should follow.

There’s a second part, that is just as important to pay attention to: how a person feels in the moment they read a message. As Guy Curtis and Amanda White point out in their recent research article, an allegation of academic misconduct can cause students distress and anxiety.

Fear produces urgency. Sympathy produces a desire to help. Excitement makes a person overlook details they would otherwise catch. Embarrassment stops a person from asking a friend or colleague whether something looks right.

None of this requires a scammer to outsmart the target’s technical knowledge. The scammer only needs to get past the target’s pause button, and feelings do that work quickly.

Once a person thinks, ‘I need to do this right now,’ the scammer has already won half the exchange.

Why This Matters for Students

Consider the situations a university student faces in a given semester. Tuition deadlines. Financial aid. Scholarships. Housing applications. Job offers. Academic standing. A friend who needs help fast. None of these topics is suspicious on its own. Students encounter them constantly, which is exactly why a scammer can use any one of them as a disguise.

A student who reads a message claiming that something important is at risk rarely stops to ask, ‘Is this a phishing attempt?’ The more immediate question is, ‘How do I fix this?’ That question is the trap. The scammer counts on the student staying inside it.

Urgency as a Weapon

Fraudsters have relied on manufactured urgency for a long time. Consider these common tactics: You have only a few minutes. Your account will close. Pay immediately. A friend needs help right now.

Urgency changes the question a person asks. Instead of ‘Is this legitimate?’, the target asks ‘How fast can I resolve this?’ The scammer controls that shift, and once it happens, careful judgment tends to disappear.

Students cannot reasonably treat every email or text with suspicion. That approach is not realistic, and it is not sustainable. What do to instead: when a message produces a strong emotional reaction, pause. The stronger the reaction, the more the pause matters.

Where Colleges and Universities Fit In

This is not only a student problem. Universities invest in cybersecurity training. Students learn about phishing, password hygiene, and multifactor authentication. That training is necessary, but it does not address scams built specifically to manipulate emotion.

When we teach cybersecuirty, we must include an emotional literacy component. Students should learn to notice when a message is working to make them afraid, guilty, excited, embarrassed, or suddenly responsible for solving an urgent problem. Orientation sessions, residence programming, and digital literacy initiatives are reasonable places to build this in.

The guidance itself is simple. If a message makes a person feel they must act immediately, they should stop. Then they should verify the request through a channel they already know is legitimate, not the phone number or link the message provides. The university website, the student portal, the bank, the employer: these sources exist independently of the suspicious message, and they are the ones worth contacting.

One extra minute, spent verifying, separates a student who avoids a scam from a student who becomes its next case study.

Rethinking Phishing Awareness

Fraud prevention cannot stop at spotting suspicious technology. The scammers doing the most damage right now often look ordinary. Scams arrive through platforms students already trust and tell a believable story. They contain no typos, no broken links, nothing that trips a spam filter.

The strength of the scam comes from something else entirely: an accurate read of how people behave under emotional pressure.

When considering cybersecurity we must account for psychology, as well as technology. Students do not need a degree in information security to protect themselves. They need the instinct to notice the feeling first and pay attention to it before acting. Panic, urgency, fear, excitement, guilt, an overwhelming pull to help someone right away. Any of these is reason enough to stop.

Step back. Verify independently. Then decide.

The scam rarely starts the moment someone clicks a link. It starts the moment a message succeeds in making a person react before they think.

Closing Remarks

An allegation of academic misconduct can cause students to panic and feel all kinds of emotions, including anxiety and terror. Those of us who work in education need to attend as much to our students’ well being, dignity and humanity as much as holding them accountable for their behaviour. 

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Sarah Elaine Eaton, PhD, is a Professor and Research Chair in the Werklund School of Education at the University of Calgary, Canada. Opinions are my own and do not represent those of my employer.


Dignity, Grief, and the Case of Jason Arday

August 16, 2026

I have been quiet about the case of Dr. Jason Arday, who previously worked at Cambridge University and left his job following allegations of plagiarism and questions about other claims in his life story. The reason is not lack of interest in the case, but rather because my family recently lost my brother and we have been mourning.

Aaron Edward Eaton: A Brief Background on Recent Events

First, a personal statement. A couple of weeks ago the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) (Canada’s national police) issued a missing person alert for my brother. Once the RCMP released the alert on social media, the matter immediately became public. We received messages of support from around the world.

On August 3, my brother was found deceased and this was also publicly announced on social media and via a newspaper article. I won’t go into the details, but suffice to say that the phrase, ‘found deceased’ is often a euphemism for ‘died by suicide’. Society hides behind vague and passive language rather than being direct about what really happened. I’ve never been fond of circumlocutions, but society has its rules.

Although we have deeply appreciated the support, having a private family matter become public changes the experience. Emotional energy is directed into reading, replying, and also taking a step away from technology to process quietly.

In any case, my lack of response about the Arday case was not due to indifference, but rather because I was focused on family matters.

Jason Arday: ‘Found Deceased’

I did not know Jason Arday. I have no basis on which to conclude whether misconduct occurred in his academic work, and that question is not the subject of this post. News of his passing hit me in a visceral and raw way. My deepest condolences to his family and friends. As is so often the case when someone is ‘found dead’, those left behind have many questions, deep grief, and sometimes, a feeling that it didn’t have to end the way it did. I can only imagine that Dr. Arday’s family and friends are experiencing with the level of public spectacle we have seen.

So, I will not be weighing in on questions relating to misconduct allegations. What concerns me are different questions: What do we, as a society, owe a person who is being investigated for misconduct during — and after — an investigative process? A related question also hovers: How can we ensure that a person’s dignity is preserved in the process of a misconduct investigation?

A Resignation Is Not a Verdict

Dr. Arday resigned his professorship at the University of Cambridge on August 5, 2026, after weeks of public scrutiny over plagiarism allegations and questions about other claims in his life story [McArthur, 2026]. He was found dead at his home in south London nine days later. Prime Minister Andy Burnham called the death “a tragedy on so many levels”. Arday’s family said that “the campaign of misinformation was too much for Jason”.

Iryna Pavlova, writing for our Postplagiarism blog, makes a valuable observation: reading the resignation as proof of guilt and reading it as proof of persecution involve the same error, which is treating an outcome as though it settles a question not yet answered by a thorough and fair investigation. I would add a further question to Iryna’s: Why should we let public persecution stand in for fair process? (Short answer: We shouldn’t.)

What a Process Without Dignity Looks Like

Article 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights establishes a presumption of innocence until proven guilty. Article 12 protects a person against arbitrary attacks on their honour and reputation.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights applies to all persons, everywhere. Full stop.

An individual alleged to have engaged in misconduct should be investigated by professionals with the skills and training to undertake the matter in a fair and just way. Being judged in the public sphere, with dozens if not hundreds or even thousands of people chiming in as armchair judges, turns due process into a public spectacle. A misconduct investigation, carried out in a professional and dignified manner, and a public trial by social media are not the same venue. Treating them as equivalent lets institutions (and quite frankly, members of society) off the hook for their own conduct.

Comment sections do not offer due process. Let me be clear: this is not an argument for shielding scholars from scrutiny. It is an argument for insisting that scrutiny happens in a manner that does not deprive individuals of their human rights.

Call to Action

A human‑rights‑by‑design approach to misconduct policy does not soften findings of wrongdoing; it separates the question of what happened from the question of how a person is treated while questions remain open (Eaton, 2024). I have yet to find a university or college anywhere that has explicitly adopted a human-rights centred approach to misconduct policy or process. I am not talking here about due process or procedural fairness. I am talking about misconduct policies and procedures that intentionally and explicitly commit to upholding human rights as a foundation for due process. (If you know such an institution, drop me a note.)

Institutions can commit to clear and private procedures rather than adjudication by the media. When we allow public persecution to prevail, we discard dignity and human rights.

Institutional leaders can communicate with the accused promptly. No one should wait in uncertainty for weeks. Institutional leaders should provide mental health and wellbeing support throughout the process, at no extra cost to the individual. Counsellors should be available alongside the investigation, not after it. We, as members of higher education institutions and as members of society, can also exercise restraint. We can wait for a review to conclude before we comment publicly, rather than posturing and pontificating. In Arday’s case, many people did not show that restraint.

Whatever the historical record eventually shows about Arday’s scholarship, the record already shows how his case was handled while questions remained open, which has been deplorable. The way in which the matter has been handled deserves as much scrutiny as the plagiarism allegations themselves.

May Dr. Jason Arday rest in peace. May his family, friends, and those who cared about him find solace and healing.

References

Ahmed, A. (2026, August 15). Tributes paid to Jason Arday after former Cambridge professor’s death. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2026/aug/15/jason-arday-tributes-paid-to-former-cambridge-professor

Eaton, S. E. (2024). Future-proofing integrity in the age of artificial intelligence and neurotechnology: prioritizing human rights, dignity, and equity. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 20(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-024-00175-2

Hui, S. (2026, August 15). UK’s leader calls for reflection after the death of former Cambridge professor accused of plagiarism. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/britain-jason-arday-cambridge-death-burnham-b9e2463ca6b474ac90cc6196ed668238

McArthur, T. (2026, August 14). Jason Arday, ex-Cambridge professor at centre of plagiarism row, found dead. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1j1ye6n30no

Pavlova, I. (2026, August 12). Beyond “Did He Plagiarize?”: What the Jason Arday Case Reveals About Academic Integrity in a Postplagiarism Era. Postplagiarism Blog. https://postplagiarism.com/2026/08/12/beyond-did-he-plagiarize-what-the-jason-arday-case-reveals-about-academic-integrity-in-a-postplagiarism-era

Red Deer Advocate Staff. (August 4, 2026). Missing Red Deer man found deceased. Red Deer Advocate. https://reddeeradvocate.com/2026/08/04/missing-red-deer-man-found-deceased/

United Nations. (2021). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights

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Sarah Elaine Eaton, PhD, is a Professor and Research Chair in the Werklund School of Education at the University of Calgary, Canada. Opinions are my own and do not represent those of my employer.


Stop wasting my time! AI Agents Infiltrate Scholarly Publishing

February 6, 2026

As the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal for Educational Integrity, I have witnessed (and become super frustrated with) threats to academic publishing and research integrity from Gen AI. Don’t get me wrong, I am not opposed to AI, but I have been clear in my research and writing that technology can be used in good and helpful ways or ways that are unethical and inappropriate. Recently, our editorial office received a manuscript with the file name ‘Blinded manuscript generated by artificial intelligence.’

My reaction was, “Are you kidding me?! Well, that’s bold!” Although the honesty of the title may be rarity, the submission itself is symptomatic of a burgeoning crisis in academic publishing: the rise of ‘AI slop.’ Since the proliferation of large language models (LLMs), we have seen a dramatic increase in submissions. Now, I’m pretty sure that a portion of the manuscripts we are receiving are written entirely by AI agents or bots, sending submissions on behalf of authors.

ChatGPT generated image. A puppet seated at a desk in an office, holding a printed document titled “Blinded manuscript generated by artificial intelligence.” The desk is covered with papers, a pair of glasses, a pen, and a coffee mug, with bookshelves and a bulletin board visible in the background.

As a journal editor, let me be clear: The volume of manuscripts you send out does not equate to the value to the readership. It is not that I oppose the use of AI carte blanche, but I do object to manuscripts prepared and sent by bots, with no human interaction in the process. If a manuscript does not bring value to our readers, it gets an immediate desk rejections, and for good reason.

The Problem with AI Slop in Research

Academic journals exist to advance the frontiers of human knowledge. A manuscript is expected to contribute new and original findings to scholarship and science. AI-generated papers, by their very nature, struggle to meet this requirement.

  • Lack of Empirical Depth: AI excels at synthesizing existing information but cannot conduct original fieldwork, clinical trials, or archival research. It mimics the structure of a study without performing the substance of it.
  • Axiological Misalignment: There is a gap between the automated generation of text and the values-driven process of human inquiry. Research requires a commitment to truth, ethics, and accountability, qualities a machine cannot possess.
  • The Echo Chamber Effect: These submissions often present fabricated or corrupted  citations or circular logic that offers little to no utility to the reader. They clutter the ecosystem without moving the needle on critical conversations.

Upholding the Integrity of the Record

Our editorial board remains committed to a rigorous peer-review process, but let’s be clear: the ‘publish or perish’ culture, now supercharged by Gen AI, is threatening to overwhelm the very systems meant to ensure quality.

If an academic paper submitted for publication does not offer an original contribution or if it lacks the human oversight necessary to guarantee its validity, it has no place in a scholarly journal. We in a postplagiarism era where the focus must shift from merely detecting copied text to evaluating the originality of thought and the integrity of the research process. Postplagiarism does not mean that we throw out academic and research integrity or that ‘anything goes’. We recognize that co-creation with GenAI may be normal for some writers today. But having an AI agent write and submit manuscripts on your behalf wastes everyone’s time.

To our contributors: scholarship is a human endeavor. We value your insights, your unique perspectives, and your rigorous labour. In the meantime, we will continue with our commitment to quality, and I expect that the journal’s rejection rate will continue to be high as we focus on papers that bring value to our readership.

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Sarah Elaine Eaton, PhD, is a Professor and Research Chair in the Werklund School of Education at the University of Calgary, Canada. Opinions are my own and do not represent those of my employer.


A Brief History of Postplagiarism: Or, Why Fabrication is Not the New Flattery

October 13, 2025
Infographic titled "Postplagiarism: A Brief History" by Sarah Elaine Eaton, PhD, showing a timeline from 2021 to 2025 that highlights key milestones in the development of the concept of postplagiarism.
2021: Eaton introduces postplagiarism in her book Plagiarism in Higher Education, building on Rebecca Moore Howard’s work.
2023: Eaton explicitly defines postplagiarism in an article published in the International Journal for Educational Integrity.
2024: Eaton and Kumar launch www.postplagiarism.com, offering multilingual translations and open-access content.
2025: Rahul Kumar publishes the first empirical study on postplagiarism in the same journal, analyzing student reactions.

I am always excited to hear about new work that showcases postplagiarism. Imagine my dismay when I read a new article, published in an (allegedly) peer-reviewed journal, that foregrounded the tenets of postplagiarism, but was rife with fabricated sources, including references to work attributed to me, but that I never wrote.

I have opted not to ‘name and shame’ the authors. Anyone who is curious enough need only do an Internet search to find the offending article and those who wrote it.

Instead, I prefer to take a more productive approach. Here I provide a brief timeline of the development of postplagiarism as both a framework and a theory:

2021: Plagiarism in Higher Education: Tackling Tough Topics in Academic Integrity

The book begins with a history of plagiarism. Then, I discuss plagiarism in modern times. In the concluding chapter I contemplate the future of plagiarism. Building on the scholarship of Rebecca Moore Howard, I proposed that  the age of generative artificial intelligence (Gen AI) could launch us into a post-plagiarism era in which human-AI hybrid writing becomes the norm.

2023: Expanding on the ideas first presented in the final chapter of my book, I wrote my first article dedicated to the topic: “Postplagiarism: Transdisciplinary ethics and integrity in the age of artificial intelligence and neurotechnology”, published in the International Journal for Educational Integrity.

2024: Dr. Rahul Kumar (Brock University, Canada) and I launch our website, http://www.postplagiarism.com. We provide open access resources free of charge. Thanks to the generosity of colleagues and friends who speak multipole language, we offer translations of the postplagiarism infographic in multiple languages.

Also, in this year, Rahul Kumar begins a study to test the tenets of postplagiarism.

2025: Rahul Kumar publishes the results of the first empirical article on the tenets of postplagiarism. His article, “Understanding PSE students’ reactions to the postplagiarism concept: a quantitative analysis” is published in the International Journal for Educational Integrity.

If you see references to our work on postplagiairsm as we have conceptualized it that pre-date our work, dig deeper to see if the work is real. There are now fabricated sources published on the Internet that do not — and never did — exist.

Imitation is flattery, as the saying goes. This quip has been used as a way to dismiss plagiarism concerns, as students learn to imitate great writers by quoting them without attribution. The saying digs deep into cultural and historical understandings that are beyond the scope of a blog post. What I can say is that in the postplagiarism era, fabrication is not the new flattery.

One of the tenets of postplagiarism is that humans can relinquish control over what they write to an AI, but we do not relinquish responsibility. The irony of seeing fabricated references about postplagiarism in fabricated is as absurd as it is puzzling. There is no need to fabricate references to post plagiarism, especially since we provide numerous free and open access to resources and research on the topic.

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Sarah Elaine Eaton, PhD, is a Professor and Research Chair in the Werklund School of Education at the University of Calgary, Canada. Opinions are my own and do not represent those of my employer.